Temporal-spatial analysis of hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in Brazil: prediction of epidemic regions and periods for immunization against the Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the high cost and short term of passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus, the main virus causing acute viral bronchiolitis, predicting epidemic regions and epidemic months is extremely important. The objective of this study is to identify both the month when the seasonal peak begins and Brazilian regions and states with the highest incidence of monthly hospitalizations due acute viral bronchiolitis. METHODS: Based on data obtained from DATASUS, monthly hospitalization rates due acute viral bronchiolitis were calculated for every 10,000 live births to children under 12 months of age in all Brazilian states and the Federal District between 2000 and 2019. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were estimated to forecast monthly hospitalization rates in 2020. RESULTS: A higher incidence of hospitalizations was found for male children, especially under six months of age. As for Brazilian regions, between 2000 and 2019, the South region registered the highest incidence of hospitalizations, followed by the Southeast, Midwest, North and Northeast regions, in this order. Considering the seasonal peak, the period between March and July 2020 comprised the highest expected hospitalization rates. CONCLUSIONS: Palivizumab is suggested to be started between February/March and June/July for most Brazilian states, with the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, which, in addition to presenting the highest rates of hospitalizations for acute viral bronchiolitis per 10,000 live births, has the longest seasonal peak between May and September.

Temporal-spatial analysis of hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in Brazil: prediction of epidemic regions and periods for immunization against the Respiratory Syncytial Virus / Análise temporal-espacial de hospitalizações por bronquiolite no Brasil: previsão das regiões e períodos epidêmicos para imunização contra o vírus sincicial respiratório

Abstract Objective: Due to the high cost and short term of passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus, the main virus causing acute viral bronchiolitis, predicting epidemic regions and epidemic months is extremely important. The objective of this study is to identify both the month when the seasonal peak begins and Brazilian regions and states with the highest incidence of monthly hospitalizations due acute viral bronchiolitis. Methods: Based on data obtained from DATASUS, monthly hospitalization rates due acute viral bronchiolitis were calculated for every 10,000 live births to children under 12 months of age in all Brazilian states and the Federal District between 2000 and 2019. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were estimated to forecast monthly hospitalization rates in 2020. Results: A higher incidence of hospitalizations was found for male children, especially under six months of age. As for Brazilian regions, between 2000 and 2019, the South region registered the highest incidence of hospitalizations, followed by the Southeast, Midwest, North and Northeast regions, in this order. Considering the seasonal peak, the period between March and July 2020 comprised the highest expected hospitalization rates. Conclusions: Palivizumab is suggested to be started between February/March and June/July for most Brazilian states, with the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, which, in addition to presenting the highest rates of hospitalizations for acute viral bronchiolitis per 10,000 live births, has the longest seasonal peak between May and September.

RESUMO Objetivo: Em razão do alto custo e do curto prazo da imunização passiva contra o vírus sincicial respiratório, principal vírus causador de bronquiolite viral aguda, a previsão das regiões e meses epidêmicos é extremamente importante. Objetiva-se identificar o mês de início do pico sazonal e as regiões e Estados brasileiros de maior incidência de hospitalizações mensais por bronquiolite viral aguda. Métodos: Com dados obtidos no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil, foram calculadas as taxas mensais de hospitalizações por bronquiolite viral aguda a cada 10 mil nascidos vivos de crianças com idade inferior a 12 meses, em todos os Estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal, no período entre 2000 e 2019. Modelos sazonais autorregressivos integrados e de médias móveis foram estimados para a previsão das taxas mensais de hospitalizações em 2020. Resultados: Verificou-se maior incidência de hospitalizações em crianças do sexo masculino, principalmente naquelas com idade inferior a seis meses. Em relação às regiões brasileiras, entre 2000 e 2019, a Região Sul apresentou a maior incidência de hospitalizações, seguida pelas Regiões Sudeste, Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste, respectivamente. Quanto ao pico sazonal, o período entre março e julho de 2020 compreende as maiores taxas de hospitalizações previstas. Conclusões: Sugere-se o início da administração do Palivizumab entre fevereiro/março e junho/julho para a maioria dos Estados brasileiros, com exceção do Rio Grande do Sul, que, além de apresentar as maiores taxas de hospitalizações por bronquiolite viral aguda a cada 10.000 nascidos vivos, possui o pico sazonal de maior duração entre maio e setembro.

Myofascial trigger points in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in patients with articular disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and to identify which clinical variables are associated with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 130 patients were selected that sought treatment due to joint pain, with ages ≥18 years, of both genders, with DDWR confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The sample was divided into two groups: Group 1, patients with DDWR and MTrPs (N=101); and Group 2, patients with DDWR and no MTrPs (N=29). Information on gender, age, pain duration, pain scores, and maximal interincisal distance (MID) were collected. The logistic regression model was used and the odds ratios (OR) was calculated (p<0.05). RESULTS: Group 1 presented statistically significant higher mean pain scores (p=0.007), and smaller MID (p=0.0268) than Group 2. OR were significant for the pain scores (1.429), MID (0.937) and gender (women) (2.810). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DDWR and MTrPs had increased pain scores and a MID decrease compared to patients with DDWR and no MTrPs. The variables pain scores, MID, and gender (women) showed a significant association with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs.

Fatores associados e predição da retinopatia da prematuridade / Retinopathy of prematurity: associated factors and prediction

Resumo Introdução A retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) é uma doença vasoproliferativa, que afeta a retina das crianças que nascem prematuramente; assim, este estudo propôs identificar fatores associados e predizer a retinopatia na prematuridade. Método Realizou-se um estudo transversal, com recém-nascidos prematuros, dividindo-os em dois grupos: com e sem retinopatia. As variáveis foram categorizadas por meio do teste da razão de verossimilhança e as variáveis que obtiveram p-valores menores que 0,2 foram analisadas por um modelo logístico múltiplo. A capacidade de predição do modelo foi realizada por meio da construção da curva ROC. Resultados Dos 296 recém-nascidos, 32 (10,81%) apresentaram retinopatia. No modelo logístico, as variáveis que apresentaram fator de risco foram idade gestacional ≤ 30 semanas (p-valor=0,0214), peso ao nascer ≤ 1.250 gramas (p-valor=0,0013) e escore Apgar no primeiro minuto < 7 (p-valor=0,0352). A curva ROC com sensibilidade 0,771 e especificidade 0,774 evidenciou o modelo com precisão de 0,8448 e ponto de probabilidade de 0,79. Conclusões Este modelo pode ser usado para predição de retinopatia em recém-nascidos prematuros com um fator de risco de 0,79, destacando que estes necessitam de maior atenção.

Abstract Introduction Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disease that affects the retina of prematurely born children. Therefore, this study proposed to identify associated factors and to predict retinopathy in prematurity. Method A cross-sectional study including preterm newborns divided into two groups: with and without retinopathy. The variables were categorized using the likelihood ratio test, and the variables with p-values less than 0.2 were analyzed by a multiple logistic model. The model used the construction of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve as predicting tool. Results Of the 296 newborns, 32 (10.81%) had retinopathy. The following variables represented a risk factor according to the logistic model: gestational age ≤ 30 weeks (p-value = 0.0214), birth weight ≤ 1250 grams (p-value = 0.0013) and Apgar score at 1 minute <7 (p-value = 0.0352). The ROC curve with sensitivity of 0.771 and specificity of 0.774 was a precise model, showing accuracy of 0.8448 and a probability point of 0.79. Conclusions This model can be used to predict retinopathy in premature newborns with a risk factor of 0.79, emphasizing that the need for additional attention.

Myofascial trigger points in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in patients with articular disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and to identify which clinical variables are associated with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs. Material and Methods 130 patients were selected that sought treatment due to joint pain, with ages ≥18 years, of both genders, with DDWR confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The sample was divided into two groups: Group 1, patients with DDWR and MTrPs (N=101); and Group 2, patients with DDWR and no MTrPs (N=29). Information on gender, age, pain duration, pain scores, and maximal interincisal distance (MID) were collected. The logistic regression model was used and the odds ratios (OR) was calculated (p<0.05). Results Group 1 presented statistically significant higher mean pain scores (p=0.007), and smaller MID (p=0.0268) than Group 2. OR were significant for the pain scores (1.429), MID (0.937) and gender (women) (2.810). Conclusions Patients with DDWR and MTrPs had increased pain scores and a MID decrease compared to patients with DDWR and no MTrPs. The variables pain scores, MID, and gender (women) showed a significant association with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs.

Qualitative Determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Vaginal Washings for the Early Diagnosis of Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Determinação qualitativa de gonadotrofina coriônica humana no lavado vaginal para o diagnóstico precoce de ruptura prematura de membranas fetais

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate and validate the qualitative human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (β-hCG) test of the vaginal fluid washings of pregnant women with premature rupture of fetal membranes (PROM). Methods Cross-sectional study of pregnant women between gestational weeks 24 and 39 who underwent consultations in one of our institutions. They were divided into two groups: group A (pregnant women clinically diagnosed with PROM) and group B (pregnant women without loss of amniotic liquid). The patients were subjected to a vaginal fluid washing with 3 mL of saline solution, which was aspirated subsequently with the same syringe. The solution was immediately sent to the laboratory to perform the vaginal β-hCG test with cut-off points of 10 mIU/mL (β-hCG-10) and/or 25 mIU/mL (β-hCG-25). Results The β-hCG-10 test of the vaginal secretion was performed in 128 cases. The chi-squared test with Yates' correction showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p = 0.0225). The sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy parameters were 77.1%, 43.6%, 52.3%; 70.4%; and 58.6% respectively. The β-hCG-25 test of the vaginal washing was performed in 49 cases. The analysis by Fisher's exact test showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.0175). The sensibility, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy parameters were 44.4%, 87.1%, 66.6%; 72.9%; and 71.4% respectively. Conclusions The β-hCG-25 test showed better accuracy for the diagnosis of PROM, and can corroborate the early diagnosis of PROM because it is a simple and quick exam.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo objetivou validar o exame qualitativo da subunidade β da gonadotrofina coriônica humana (β-hCG) em lavado vaginal de gestantes com ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM) fetais. Métodos Estudo transversal de gestantes com 24 a 39 semanas atendidas em um hospital de Maringá divididas em 2 grupos: grupo A (clinicamente diagnosticadas com RPM) e grupo B (gestantes sem perda de liquido amniótico). As pacientes foram submetidas a lavado vaginal com 3 mL de soro fisiológico, que logo em seguida foi aspirado de volta na mesma seringa e imediatamente enviado ao laboratório para a realização do exame de β-hCG vaginal com pontos de corte de 10 mIU/mL (β-hCG-10) e/ ou 25 mIU/mL (β-hCG-25). Resultados O teste de β-hCG-10 na secreção vaginal foi realizado em 128 casos, e o teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates mostrou diferença significante entre os dois grupos (p = 0,0225). Os parâmetros de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acurácia foram respectivamente 77,1%; 43,6%; 52,3%; 70,4%; e 58,6%. O teste de β-hCG-25 na secreção vaginal foi realizado em 49 casos, e a análise pelo teste exato de Fisher mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,0175). Os parâmetros de sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e acurácia foram respectivamente 44,4%; 87,1%; 66,6%; 72,9%; e 71,4%. Conclusões O β-hCG-25 apresentou melhor acurácia para o diagnóstico de RPM, e pode corroborar o diagnóstico precoce de RPM por se tratar de um exame simples e rápido.

Qualitative Determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Vaginal Washings for the Early Diagnosis of Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate and validate the qualitative human chorionic gonadotropin ß subunit (ß-hCG) test of the vaginal fluid washings of pregnant women with premature rupture of fetal membranes (PROM). Methods Cross-sectional study of pregnant women between gestational weeks 24 and 39 who underwent consultations in one of our institutions. They were divided into two groups: group A (pregnant women clinically diagnosed with PROM) and group B (pregnant women without loss of amniotic liquid). The patients were subjected to a vaginal fluid washing with 3 mL of saline solution, which was aspirated subsequently with the same syringe. The solution was immediately sent to the laboratory to perform the vaginal ß-hCG test with cut-off points of 10 mIU/mL (ß-hCG-10) and/or 25 mIU/mL (ß-hCG-25). Results The ß-hCG-10 test of the vaginal secretion was performed in 128 cases. The chi-squared test with Yates' correction showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p = 0.0225). The sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy parameters were 77.1%, 43.6%, 52.3%; 70.4%; and 58.6% respectively. The ß-hCG-25 test of the vaginal washing was performed in 49 cases. The analysis by Fisher's exact test showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.0175). The sensibility, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy parameters were 44.4%, 87.1%, 66.6%; 72.9%; and 71.4% respectively. Conclusions The ß-hCG-25 test showed better accuracy for the diagnosis of PROM, and can corroborate the early diagnosis of PROM because it is a simple and quick exam.

Objetivo Este estudo objetivou validar o exame qualitativo da subunidade ß da gonadotrofina coriônica humana (ß-hCG) em lavado vaginal de gestantes com ruptura prematura de membranas (RPM) fetais. Métodos Estudo transversal de gestantes com 24 a 39 semanas atendidas em um hospital de Maringá divididas em 2 grupos: grupo A (clinicamente diagnosticadas com RPM) e grupo B (gestantes sem perda de liquido amniótico). As pacientes foram submetidas a lavado vaginal com 3 mL de soro fisiológico, que logo em seguida foi aspirado de volta na mesma seringa e imediatamente enviado ao laboratório para a realização do exame de ß-hCG vaginal com pontos de corte de 10 mIU/mL (ß-hCG-10) e/ou 25 mIU/mL (ß-hCG-25). Resultados O teste de ß-hCG-10 na secreção vaginal foi realizado em 128 casos, e o teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates mostrou diferença significante entre os dois grupos (p = 0,0225). Os parâmetros de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acurácia foram respectivamente 77,1%; 43,6%; 52,3%; 70,4%; e 58,6%. O teste de ß-hCG-25 na secreção vaginal foi realizado em 49 casos, e a análise pelo teste exato de Fisher mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,0175). Os parâmetros de sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e acurácia foram respectivamente 44,4%; 87,1%; 66,6%; 72,9%; e 71,4%. Conclusões O ß-hCG-25 apresentou melhor acurácia para o diagnóstico de RPM, e pode corroborar o diagnóstico precoce de RPM por se tratar de um exame simples e rápido.

Avaliação de um programa de vigilância ao recém-nascido de risco no Sul do Brasil / Evaluation of a surveillance program to the new born at risk in southern Brazil

Resumo Introdução avaliar programas de saúde contribui eficazmente no planejamento e direcionamento das políticas públicas de saúde. Este estudo objetivou avaliar um Programa de Vigilância ao Recém-nascido de Risco. Método estudo transversal e analítico com dados coletados em 2009, no município de Maringá (PR). Extraíram-se informações maternas, infantis e assistenciais de uma amostra estratificada de prontuários e fichas de acompanhamento das crianças nascidas em 2008, totalizando 250 recém-nascidos de risco. Os dados foram analisados por teste qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados dentre os recém-nascidos de risco inseridos no programa, 37% apresentaram acompanhamento satisfatório. Verificou-se que a assistência prestada foi por demanda espontânea com acesso de priorização de risco deficiente. O baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 2,30; IC95% = 1,254,23), aliado ao número insuficiente de consultas (OR = 7,11; IC95% = 2,34-21,63), orientações (OR = 2,49; IC95% = 1,24-5,01) e pesagens (OR = 2,05; IC95% = 1,01-4,15), contribuiu para a inadequabilidade no acompanhamento das crianças de risco pelo programa. Conclusão com base nos resultados encontrados sobre a atenção à criança de risco, sugerem-se propostas de reformulação dos critérios de inclusão e estratégias que priorizam uma assistência programada e mais consonante com as preconizações do Ministério da Saúde.

Abstract Introduction The evaluation of health programs effectively contribute to the planning and direction of public health policies. This study aimed to evaluate a surveillance program to the newborn at risk. Objective Cross-sectional analytical study with data collected in 2009, from Maringá-PR. Method We extracted maternal, infant and care information from a stratified sample of records and monitoring reports of children born in 2008, totaling 250 newborns at risk. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Results Of the newborns at risk included in the program, 37% had satisfactory monitoring. It was found that assistance was a spontaneous demand with an inefficient access of risk priority. Low birth weight (OR=2.30; IC95%=1.25–4.23), coupled with the insufficient number of visits (OR=7.11; IC95%=2.34–21.63), guidelines (OR=2.49; IC95%=1.24-5.01) and weighing (OR=2.05; IC95%=1.01-4.15), contributed to the inappropriate monitoring of children at risk by the program. Conclusion From the results found on the attention to the child at risk, it is suggested recast proposals of the inclusion criteria and strategies that prioritize a scheduled and more consonant assistance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health.

Time series investigation of changes in seasonality of acute diarrhea hospitalizations before and after rotavirus vaccine in Southern Brazil.

Diarrhea by rotavirus is one of the main causes of mortality in children in developing countries, although the hospitalization rates (HR) for acute diarrhea have been found to have fallen since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. However, the patterns of the rotavirus are still not well understood and seasonal peaks occur throughout the year, with variations between countries and over time. The main objective of this study was to analyze the temporal behavior of HR caused by acute diarrhea in children under the age of one in the south of Brazil, between 2000 and 2011, and to explore changes in seasonality patters after the introduction of the vaccine against the rotavirus in 2006. Harmonic and multiscale wavelet analyses were used to detect seasonality and the points of change in the temporal scale. The statistical significance of each seasonality that was identified was tested using Fisher's test. The harmonic and wavelet analyses show annual seasonal and six-monthly patterns for HR, as well as a clear change after the introduction of the vaccine in 2006.

Time series investigation of changes in seasonality of acute diarrhea hospitalizations before and after rotavirus vaccine in Southern Brazil / Investigando alterações de sazonalidade nas internações por diarreia aguda antes e depois da introdução da vacina de rotavírus no Sul do Brasil / Investigando alteraciones de estacionalidad en los internamientos por diarrea aguda, antes y después de la introducción de la vacuna del rotavirus en el sur de Brasil

Abstract: Diarrhea by rotavirus is one of the main causes of mortality in children in developing countries, although the hospitalization rates (HR) for acute diarrhea have been found to have fallen since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. However, the patterns of the rotavirus are still not well understood and seasonal peaks occur throughout the year, with variations between countries and over time. The main objective of this study was to analyze the temporal behavior of HR caused by acute diarrhea in children under the age of one in the south of Brazil, between 2000 and 2011, and to explore changes in seasonality patters after the introduction of the vaccine against the rotavirus in 2006. Harmonic and multiscale wavelet analyses were used to detect seasonality and the points of change in the temporal scale. The statistical significance of each seasonality that was identified was tested using Fisher's test. The harmonic and wavelet analyses show annual seasonal and six-monthly patterns for HR, as well as a clear change after the introduction of the vaccine in 2006.

Resumo: A diarreia por rotavírus é uma das principais causas de mortalidade em crianças nos países em desenvolvimento, embora tenha sido observada a redução nas taxas de hospitalização (HR) por diarreias aguda desde que a vacina do rotavírus foi introduzida. A dinâmica do rotavírus, no entanto, ainda é mal compreendida e picos sazonais ocorrem durante todo o ano, com variações entre países e ao longo do tempo. O principal objetivo foi analisar o comportamento temporal das HR devido a diarreia aguda em crianças menores de um ano de idade no sul do Brasil, de 2000 a 2011, e investigar mudanças no padrão de sazonalidade após a introdução da vacina contra o rotavírus em 2006. Análises harmônica e multiescala wavelet foram utilizadas para detectar a sazonalidade e pontos de mudança na série temporal. A significância estatística de cada sazonalidade identificada foi testada pelo teste de Fisher. As análises harmônica e wavelet mostraram padrões sazonais anual e semestral das HR, bem como a nítida mudança após a introdução da vacina em 2006.

Resumen: La diarrea por rotavirus es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en niños en los países en desarrollo, aunque se haya observado una reducción en las tasas de hospitalización (HR) por diarreas agudas, desde que se introdujo la vacuna del rotavirus. La dinámica del rotavirus, no obstante, aunque está mal comprendida -y se producen picos estacionales- tiene lugar durante todo el año, con variaciones entre países y a lo largo del tiempo. El principal objetivo fue analizar el comportamiento temporal de las HR, debido a la diarrea aguda en niños menores de un año de edad en el sur de Brasil, de 2000 a 2011, e investigar cambios en el patrón de estacionalidad tras la introducción de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en 2006. Los análisis harmónico y multiescala wavelet se utilizaron para detectar la estacionalidad y puntos de cambio en la serie temporal. La significancia estadística de cada estacionalidad identificada fue testada por el test de Fisher. Los análisis harmónico y wavelet mostraron patrones estacionales anual y semestral de los HR, así como un nítido cambio tras la introducción de la vacuna en 2006.

Impact of oral human rotavirus vaccine on hospitalization rates for children / Impacto da vacina oral de rotavírus Humano nas taxas de hospitalizações em crianças

Objective: To evaluate the risk of hospitalization for acute diarrhea in children under five, in the period of ten years before and after the oral rotavirus vaccine. Methods: Eco-descriptive-analyticstudy of the rates of hospitalization for acute diarrhea. We used hospitalization rate and the Relative Variation Rate to quantify the difference between the median in the years pre- andpostvaccination. We used logistic regression, odds ratio and attributablerisk to assess for the proportion of cases that could be avoided if exposure was avoided. Results: During the study period, the hospitalization rate was 117.41 per 10,000 children. In the prevaccination period, the median rate of hospitalization was 124.2/10,000 children. After the introduction of the vaccine, hospitalization rates were lower when compared to the median of the pre-vaccination years. Conclusion: There was a reduction in the hospitalization rates for acute diarrhea, thereby suggesting that the use of the vaccine and other associated factors can reduce the number of cases.

Objetivo:Avaliar o risco de hospitalização por diarreias agudas em crianças menores de cinco anos no período de dez anos, antes e depois da vacina oral do rotavírus.Métodos:Estudo ecológico-descritivo-analítico das taxas de hospitalização por diarreias agudas. Utilizou-se a Taxa de Hospitalização e Taxa de Variação Relativa para quantificar a diferença entre a mediana dos anos pré-vacinais e pós-vacinais. Empregou-se a Regressão Logística, o Odds Ratio e Risco Atribuível para verificar a proporção de casos que poderiam ser evitados se a exposição fosse afastada.Resultados:No período estudado a taxa de hospitalização foi de 117,41 por 10.000 crianças. Observouse que, no período pré-vacinal, a mediana da taxa de hospitalização foi de 124,2/10.000 crianças. Após a introdução da vacina, as taxas de hospitalização foram menores quando comparadas à mediana dos anos pré-vacinal.Conclusão:Houve redução nas taxas de hospitalização por diarreias agudas, sugerindo que o uso da vacina e outros fatores associados podem reduzir os casos.

Perfil do tratamento profilático antirrábico humano no sul do Brasil / Profile of human anti-rabies prophylactic treatment in southern Brazil

O estudo objetivou analisar o perfil do tratamento profilático antirrábico de crianças e adolescentes de zero a 15 anos atendidas no município de Maringá-PR. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2010. Realizaram-se frequências simples e absolutas para as variáveis categóricas, e, para associações de interesse, análises univariadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância <0,05 em todas as análises. Do total de 311 atendimentos realizados, 101 deles eram de fichas de atendimento antirrábico de crianças e adolescentes. Em relação ao tratamento indicado, das 101 indicações, 37 (36,6%) apresentaram-se entre zero a < dez anos e 64 (63,4%) entre os ≥ dez a <15 anos. O tratamento indicado apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa com a idade (p= 0,0288). É preciso um trabalho educativo com crianças, pais e a população em geral, conscientizando-os sobre os riscos e a gravidade da raiva, além da atualização e atenção para a indicação da conduta terapêutica aos profissionais da saúde

The present study aimed to analyze the profile of anti-rabies prophylactic treatment of children and adolescents aged between zero and 15 years old, in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. Data were collected on the Brazilian Notification Aggravation Information System (SINAN) from January to December 2010. Simple and absolute frequencies were performed for categorical variables, and, for associations of interest, univariate analyzes were carried out through Pearson's chi-square test, with confidence interval of 95% and level of confidence set at <0.05 for all analyzes. Among all 311 care services performed, 101 involved anti-rabies care records of children and adolescents. Regarding treatment prescriptions, out of 101, 37 (36.6%) were made to subjects aged between 0 and 10 years old, and 64 (63.4%) to those aged ≥ 10 and < 15 years old. The treatment prescribed presented statistically significant association with age (p= 0.0288). There is a need for an educative work with children, parents and the general population, toward raising their awareness on the risks and seriousness of rabies, besides the update of and attention to the therapeutic method employed by health professionals

Intervention analysis of introduction of rotavirus vaccine on hospital admissions rates due to acute diarrhea.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rotavirus vaccine on hospitalization rates for acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years old after the introduction of the vaccine in 2006. A descriptive analytical observational study was carried out of the hospitalization rates occurred between 2000 and 2011 in 22 Regional Health Centers of Paraná State, Brazil. The effect of the vaccine was assessed by applying the SARIMA/Box-Jenkins time series methodology of intervention analysis, which allows verifying the slopes of the series are different after the introduction of the vaccine and estimating the magnitude of these effects for children younger than five years of age, by age group, for each region center. It was verified a statistically significant reduction by center/month on hospitalization rates for children 1 year old and younger, with averages of 47% and 58%, respectively, in December 2011.

Intervention analysis of introduction of rotavirus vaccine on hospital admissions rates due to acute diarrhea / Análise de intervenção da introdução da vacina do rotavirus nas taxas de internação hospitalar por diarreia aguda / Análisis de intervención en la introducción de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en las tasas de hospitalización por diarrea aguda

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rotavirus vaccine on hospitalization rates for acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years old after the introduction of the vaccine in 2006. A descriptive analytical observational study was carried out of the hospitalization rates occurred between 2000 and 2011 in 22 Regional Health Centers of Paraná State, Brazil. The effect of the vaccine was assessed by applying the SARIMA/Box-Jenkins time series methodology of intervention analysis, which allows verifying the slopes of the series are different after the introduction of the vaccine and estimating the magnitude of these effects for children younger than five years of age, by age group, for each region center. It was verified a statistically significant reduction by center/month on hospitalization rates for children 1 year old and younger, with averages of 47% and 58%, respectively, in December 2011.

O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o impacto da vacina do rotavírus nas taxas de internação por diarreia aguda em crianças menores de cinco anos após a introdução da vacina em 2006. Foi realizado um estudo analítico observacional descritivo das taxas de hospitalização ocorridas entre 2000 e 2011, em 22 Centros Regionais de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O efeito da vacina foi avaliado por séries temporais aplicando a metodologia SARIMA/Box-Jenkins com análise da intervenção, a qual permite verificar que os declives das séries são diferentes após a introdução da vacina, bem como estimar a magnitude desses efeitos para crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, por faixa etária, para cada região. Verificou-se redução estatisticamente significativa por centro/mês nas taxas de internação por diarreia aguda para as crianças menores de 1 ano de idade e de 1 ano de idade, com médias de 47% e 58%, respectivamente, em dezembro de 2011.

El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el impacto de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en las tasas de hospitalización, relacionadas con diarrea aguda en niños menores de 5 años, después de que se introdujese la vacuna en 2006. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico descriptivo de las tasas de hospitalización acaecidas entre 2000 y 2011 en 22 centros regionales de salud del estado de Paraná, Brasil. El efecto de la vacuna se evaluó mediante la aplicación de la serie de tiempo SARIMA/metodología de Box-Jenkins de análisis de intervención, lo que demuestra que los declives de las series son diferentes después de la introducción de la vacuna, con el fin de estimar la magnitud de estos efectos en los niños menores 5 años de edad, por grupos de edad para cada región. Se ha encontrado una reducción estadísticamente significativa de centro/mes en las tasas de hospitalización para niños menores de 1 año de edad y de 1 año de edad, con un promedio de 47% y 58%, respectivamente, en diciembre de 2011.

Adequabilidade da assistência ao pré-natal em duas Unidades de Saúde em Curitiba, Paraná / Adequacy of prenatal care at two health units in Curitiba, Paraná

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a adequabilidade do pré-natal, conforme Protocolo Mãe Curitibana em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde com Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e outra unidade de saúde tradicional (UBS), com estudo transversal, retrospectivo com dados dos prontuários cadastrados entre fevereiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Foram excluídas as gestantes que apresentaram abortamento e abandono do pré-natal, totalizando 158 gestantes, sendo 79 da unidade PSF e o restante da UBS. A média do início do pré-natal foi de 11±6,26 semanas, e a análise das médias dos registros no pré-natal para o PSF e UBS foi de 10,39 e 8,82 nas consultas, 9,87 e 8,57 para pressão arterial, 1,04 e 1,22 no tipo sanguíneo, 2,17 e 1,86 para glicemia, 1,32 e 1,05 para HbsAg, 2,35 e 1,89 para parcial de urina e 2,64 e 2,22 para cultura de urina com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as unidades. Observaram-se diferenças na adequabilidade da assistência pré-natal entre as unidades PSF e UBS, com melhor desempenho no PSF. Alguns procedimentos como a verificação de altura uterina, batimentos cardiofetais, exames de urina e VDRL estão aquém dos percentuais esperados, necessitando rever e aperfeiçoar as práticas dos profissionais de saúde na atenção pré-natal.

This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of prenatal care according to Protocol Mother Curitibana in a primary care unit with the Family Health Program (PSF) and other traditional health unit (UBS). Cross-sectional study with retrospective data from medical records registered between February 2010 and January 2011. We excludedwomen who had abortions and abandonment of prenatal care, totaling 158 pregnant women, 79 unit PSF and the rest of UBS. The average onset of prenatal care was 11± 6.26 weeks, and mean analysis of prenatal records for PSF and UBS for pregnant women were 10.39 and 8.82 for consultations, 9.87 and 8.57 for blood pressure, 1.04 and 1.22 for blood type, 2.17 and 1.86 for glucose, 1.32 and 1.05 for HBsAg, 2.35 and 1.89 for Partial Urine and 2.64 and 2.22 for Urine Culture with statistically significant differences (p <0.05) between the units. This study found differences in the adequacy of prenatal care between PSF and traditional models UBS highlighting the best performance of the model PSF. It also identified some procedures like verification of uterine height growth, beats fetal cardiac and urine analysis and VDRL short of the expected percentage, requiring review and improve practices of health professionals in prenatal care

Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour.

We evaluated hemoglobin-Hb levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women before and after fortification of flour. It was developed a study to evaluate intervention, of the type before and after, with independent population samples. Study was conducted in primary health care services in Maringá, PR. We assessed 366 and 419 medical records, Before and After implementation of fortification. Pregnant women with Hb < 11g/dL were considered anemic. Data were submitted to multiple linear regression analysis. There was low prevalence of anemia affecting 12.3% and 9.4% pregnant women Before and After fortification (p > 0.05), but the Group After the fortification had higher Hb levels (p < 0.05). Hb levels associated with Group, gestational age, previous pregnancy number, employment and marital status (p < 0.05). Although the fortification of flour may have had role in increasing the mean hemoglobin, we need consider the contribution of other variables not investigated.

Níveis de hemoglobina e prevalência de anemia em gestantes atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro / Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour / Hemoglobin levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women assisted in primary health care services, before and after fortification of flour*

Avaliaram-se níveis de hemoglobina-Hb e prevalência de anemia em gestantes, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas. Estudo de avaliação do tipo antes e depois, com amostras populacionais independentes, realizado em unidades básicas de saúde de Maringá, PR. Foram avaliados 366 prontuários de gestantes Antes da fortificação obrigatória das farinhas, e 419 Após a fortificação. Gestantes com Hb < 11g/dL foram consideradas anêmicas. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se baixa prevalência de anemia que afetava 12,3% e 9,4% das gestantes, Antes e Após a fortificação (p > 0,05), porém o Grupo Após a fortificação obrigatória apresentou média de Hb mais elevada (p < 0,05). Evidenciou-se associação entre Hb e Grupo, idade gestacional, gestação anterior, ocupação e situação conjugal (p < 0,05). Embora a fortificação de farinhas possa ter um papel no aumento da média de hemoglobina, é preciso considerar a contribuição de outras variáveis não investigadas.

We evaluated hemoglobin-Hb levels and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women before and after fortification of flour. It was developed a study to evaluate intervention, of the type before and after, with independent population samples. Study was conducted in primary health care services in Maringá, PR. We assessed 366 and 419 medical records, Before and After implementation of fortification. Pregnant women with Hb < 11g/dL were considered anemic. Data were submitted to multiple linear regression analysis. There was low prevalence of anemia affecting 12.3% and 9.4% pregnant women Before and After fortification (p > 0.05), but the Group After the fortification had higher Hb levels (p < 0.05). Hb levels associated with Group, gestational age, previous pregnancy number, employment and marital status (p < 0.05). Although the fortification of flour may have had role in increasing the mean hemoglobin, we need consider the contribution of other variables not investigated.

Perfil socioeconômico e demográfico em uma comunidade vulnerável ao uso de drogas de abuso / Socioeconomic and demographic profile in a vulnerable community to the use of drugs of abuse

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico de moradores de uma comunidade com indicadores elevados de violência relacionados às drogas. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa transversal, descritiva, utilizando questionário estruturado, aplicado a 358 moradores de uma comunidade com elevados índice de violência relacionados a drogas de abuso. RESULTADOS: Os entrevistados possuíam idade média de 44,1 anos, a maioria mulheres (68,2%), de raça/cor branca (57,5%) e 36,3% estudaram durante nove a 11 anos. A renda familiar média per capita correspondeu a 534 reais. Apenas cinco (1,4%) entrevistados referiram desconhecer o uso de drogas na comunidade. O uso de drogas na família foi referido por 19,8% dos entrevistados, sendo que 2,5% usavam crack. Duzentos e noventa (81,0%) conheciam outros moradores usuários de drogas. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma percepção elevada da presença de drogas; e a expansão do uso de drogas e inclusão do crack no âmbito familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the socioeconomic and demographic profile of residentsfrom a community with high indicators of drug-related violence. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional research, using a structured questionnaire applied to 358 inhabitants of a community with high levels of violence related to drug abuse. RESULTS: The participants had a mean age of 44.1 years, most of them were women (68.2%), with white race/skin color (57.5%) and 36.3% had studied for nine to 11 years. The mean household income per capita was R$534 reais. Only five (1.4%) participants reported unknowing drug use in the community. Drug use in the family was reported by 19.8% of participants, while 2.5% used crack. Two hundred and ninety people (81.0%) knew other inhabitants who were drug users. CONCLUSION: There was a high perception of the presence of drugs; and the spread of drug use and inclusion of crack within the family context.

Avaliação da profilaxia no primeiro atendimento pós-exposição ao vírus da raiva / Evaluation of primary care prophylaxis post-exposure to the rabies virus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tratamento profilático do primeiro atendimento anti-rábico pós-exposição. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Analisados 39.087 atendimentos, excluídos 1.091 (2,79%) casos de re-exposição e préexposição, resultando em 37.996 atendimentos pós- exposição. Realizada análise de regressão logística para adequação de conduta. RESULTADOS: Observou-se predomínio da raça branca (83,93 %), sexo masculino (54,58 %), ensino fundamental (66,13%), idades entre 20-59 anos (45,0%), seguido por 0 a 12 anos (32,88%) e residentes na zona urbana (91,97%). Considerou-se 15.500 (41,56%) atendimentos inadequados 10.587 (28,11%) atendimentos deficitários, ou o paciente não recebeu o tratamento necessário, e 5.013 (13,44%) pacientes receberam atendimento mais do que o necessário para a profilaxia antirrábica. CONCLUSÃO: A profilaxia pós-exposição da raiva foi considerada inadequada necessitando de uma melhor abordagem na admissão e atenção no preenchimento dos registros de dados.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate primary care prophylactic post-exposure anti-rabies treatment. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, with data from the Information System for Notification of Diseases. It analyzed 39,087 visits, excluding 1,091 (2.79%) cases of re-exposure and pre-exposure, resulting in 37,996 post-exposure visits. A logistic regression analysis was performed for adjustment of the treatment. RESULTS: A predominance of Caucasians (83.93%), male (54.58%), primary school educational level (66.13%), ages between 20-59 years (45.0%) , followed by 0 to 12 years (32.88%), and residents in the urban area (91.97%) was observed. Among the visits, 15,500 (41.56%) were considered inadequate, 10,587 (28.11%) were deficient or the patient did not receive the necessary treatment, and 5,013 (13.44%) patients received more than what was necessary for rabies prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies was considered inadequate and requires a better approach on admission, and attention in completing the notification in the data record.

Avaliação da conduta conservadora na lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau / Evaluation of conservative management of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre a conduta conservadora em lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau com o índice de recidiva da neoplasia e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo realizado com 509 mulheres (15-76 anos) atendidas no período de 1996 a 2006, com colpocitologia oncótica alterada, em um serviço público de referência em Maringá, PR. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários médicos e estudadas as variáveis diagnóstico definitivo, tipos de tratamento, ocorrência da lesão e recidivas, analisados por meio de testes de associação de qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A lesão intraepitelial cervical de alto grau ocorreu em 168 casos; destes, 31 mulheres foram submetidas à amputação cônica, 104 a cirurgias de alta frequência, nove histerectomizadas e 24 receberam conduta conservadora. Dentre as mulheres com lesão de alto grau e tratadas de forma conservadora, oito (33,3%) recidivaram, enquanto dentre as submetidas à conduta não conservadora dez (6,9%) recidivaram, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,0009), RP = 4,8 (IC95% 2,11;10,93). Para aquelas que fizeram o seguimento clínico-citológico, três (30,0%) e, dentre as cauterizadas, cinco (35,7%) recidivaram no prazo de três anos, sem diferença significante (p = 0,5611). A recidiva abaixo e acima de 30 anos ocorreu, respectivamente, em sete (13,8%) e 11 (12,2%) mulheres (p = 0,9955). CONCLUSÕES: A idade da mulher não influencia o prognóstico de recidiva. O tratamento conservador deve ser indicado como conduta de exceção, dada a alta taxa de recidiva, e o seguimento deve ser rigoroso, com acompanhamento citológico e colposcópico de até três anos, período em que ocorre a maioria das recidivas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between conservative management of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and recurrence rates and age groups. METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical observational study of 509 women (aged 15 to 76) with abnormal Pap smears attending a public reference center in the city of Maringá, southern Brazil, from 1996 to 2006. Data was collected from medical records, and the variables definitive diagnosis, type of treatment provided, occurrence of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and recurrence were studied. Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: There were 168 cases of cervical high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, of these, 31 were treated with cold-knife conization, 104 loop electrosurgical excision procedure, 9 hysterectomy and 24 conservative treatment (i.e., clinical and cytological follow-up or cervical electrocoagulation). A total of 8 (33.3%) women receiving conservative and 10 (6.9%) receiving non-conservative management had recurrent disease and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.0009), PR = 4.8 (95%CI 2.11;10.93). Three (30.0%) women among those undergoing clinical and cytological follow-up and five 5 (35.7%) among those submitted to cervical electrocoagulation had recurrent disease within three years, but the difference was not significant (p=0.5611). Recurrent rates in those younger and older than 30 were 13.8% (7 women) and 12.2% (11 women) (p = 0.9955). CONCLUSIONS: Age is not a predictor of disease recurrence. Conservative treatment is only recommended in exceptional situations due to its high recurrence rates. Careful cytological and colposcopic follow-up is required for three years when most recurrences occur.